Document is current

Article History

Received: 14 July 2025

Accepted: 20 November 2025

First Online: 8 December 2025

Declarations

:

: This retrospective study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Ethics Committee of Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University (Approval No. 2021PS781K). Fasting morning urine samples were collected from inpatients of the Department of Nephrology who strictly met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. All patient clinical data were de-identified to fully protect privacy. Notably, the samples used were residual specimens after routine clinical diagnosis, and the data were existing information from routine medical records. The study did not affect patients’ routine diagnosis and treatment: no additional tests/examinations were required for participation, and no harm was caused to patients. Thus, informed consent was waived by the Ethics Committee.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.