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Authors
Yan, Baoxin
Cai, Xianzhen
Su, Jiating
Chen, Jinhao
Tong, Shuangshuang
Ye, Junjun
Li, Weiwen
Lin, Ying
Huang, Xiaojun
Xie, Bin
Li, Jilin
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Article History
Received: 8 August 2025
Accepted: 26 November 2025
First Online: 13 December 2025
Declarations
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: This study was a retrospective observational design with publicly available data from the MIMIC-IV database, which includes information on critically ill patients admitted to the ICUs at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC) from 2008 to 2022. The data acquisition process adhered to all relevant regulations. Author BX Y obtained a CITI license (Record ID 12,861,338) and the necessary permissions to extract data from the MIMIC-IV database. The project was approved by the Institutional Review Boards of both the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and BIDMC and followed the STROCSS guidelines. Our research was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Since the MIMIC-IV database includes fully de-identified patient records and all protected health information has been removed in accordance with HIPAA privacy standards, patient consent for publication is not applicable to this study.
: All the authors gave their consent to publication.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
