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Article History

Received: 10 December 2025

Accepted: 10 February 2026

First Online: 19 February 2026

Change Date: 28 May 2026

Change Type: Update

Change Details: Article updated to add a word in article title

Declarations

:

: This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Nara Medical University Hospital (approval No. 3849) and registered in the University Hospital Medical Information Network Clinical Trial Registry (UMIN000036950). All procedures were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and with the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments. In the primary J-DOPPS study, informed consent was obtained from all participants for the use of their data in J-DOPPS-related research. The database is fully de-identified and contains no personally identifiable information. Therefore, no additional consent procedures were required for the present study.

: Not applicable.

: ME receives a writing honorarium from Kyowa Kirin related to the preparation of this manuscript. MN receives lecture fees from Kyowa Kirin, Bayer, Mitsubishi Tanabe and research grants from Kyowa Kirin, Chugai, Mitsubishi Tanabe, Torii, JT, BI. MI and KH are employees of Kyowa Kirin and own stock in the company. The remaining authors have declared that no conflict of interest exists.