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Article History

Received: 25 September 2025

Accepted: 17 February 2026

First Online: 4 March 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. The Medical Ethics Committee provided a waiver from formal approval (W22_340 #22.412) since the LEAPfROG project, including all sub studies, does not fall within the scope of the Dutch Medical Research Involving Human Subjects Act.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: Ameen Abu-Hanna 7 , Annette ten Teije 8 , Birgit A. Damoiseaux-Volman 7 , Cornelis Boersma 9 , Dave A. Dongelmans 10 , David H. de Koning 7 , Frank van Harmelen 8 , Gerty Holla 11 , Heiralde Marck 12 , Giovanni Cinà 7 , Iacopo Vagliano 7 , Jan Pander 13 , Joanna E. Klopotowska 1,2,3 , Jurjen van der Schans 9 , Joris E. Lieverse 1,2 , Daniel Fernández-Llaneza 7 , Romy M. P. Vos 8 , Menno Maris 7 , Izak Yasrebi-de Kom 7 , Kitty J. Jager 7,14 , Leonora van Drop-Grandia 15 , Linda Dusseljee-Peute 1,2,4,5 , Luuk B. Hilbrands 16 , Marcel S.G. Kwa 17 , Marieke A. R. Bak 7 , Mariette van den Hoven 7 , Martijn G. Kersloot 18 , Nicolette F. de Keizer 7 , Otto R. Maarsingh 7 , Paul Blank 19 , Piet Heingraaf 20 , Renée de Wildt 21 , Ron Herings 7,22 , Ron J. Keizer 23 , Ronald Cornet 7 , Ruben Boyd 24 , Sebastiaan L. Knijnenburg 18 , Sipke Visser 25 , Stephanie Medlock 1,5,6 , Stijn Gremmen 26 , Teun van Gelder 27 , Tjerk S. Heijmens Visser 28 , Vianda S. Stel 7,29 . 1 Department of Medical Informatics, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands 2 Amsterdam Public Health, Digital Health, Amsterdam, The Netherlands 3 Amsterdam Public Health, Quality of Care, Amsterdam, The Netherlands 4 Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Informatics, eHealth Living & Learning Lab, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands 5 Amsterdam Public Health, Aging and Later Life, Amsterdam, The Netherlands 6 Amsterdam Public Health, Methodology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands 7 Amsterdam University Medical Center 8 Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam 9 Open Universiteit 10 Nationale Intensive Care Evaluatie foundation 11 Amsterdam Economic Board 12 Koninklijke Nederlandse Maatschappij ter bevordering der Pharmacie [KNMP] Geneesmiddelen Informatie Centrum 13 AstraZeneca 14 European Renal Association-European Dialysis and Transplantation Association [ERA-EDTA] Registry 15 Z-Index 16 Radboud University Medical Center 17 College ter Beoordeling van Geneesmiddelen 18 Castor 19 NWO 20 Pitts.AI 21 Dutch Kidney Association 22 PHARMO Institute for Drug Outcomes Research 23 InsightRX 24 IXA 25 Digital Health Link 26 Dutch Kidney Foundation/Nierstichting 27 Leiden University Medical Center 28 CZ Health Insurance, Zorgverzekeraars Nederland 29 European Renal Association [ERA] Registry