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Article History

Received: 25 November 2025

Accepted: 18 February 2026

First Online: 24 February 2026

Declarations

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: Ethics approval: This retrospective observational study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and French legislation on the protection of personal data (General Data Protection Regulation – GDPR, and French Data Protection Act). The study utilized data from the Epidemiology and Information Network in Nephrology (REIN) registry, which operates under authorization from the French National Commission on Informatics and Liberty (CNIL), authorization number 903188. All patient data were anonymized prior to analysis. Under French law (Article L.1121-1 of the Public Health Code), retrospective studies using previously collected, anonymized data from authorized registries do not require additional ethics committee approval. Nevertheless, the study protocol was reviewed in accordance with local institutional policies governing retrospective. Consent to participate: Individual informed consent was not required for this retrospective registry-based study under French regulations governing the use of anonymized health data (Article 54 of the French Data Protection Act modified by Law 2016-41 of 26 January 2016). All patients included in the REIN registry are informed of data collection and retention at the time of registry enrollment and have the right to object to the use of their data. No patients in our cohort exerciced this right of objection. This approach was confirmed as appropriate by the REIN registry governance body (Agence de la biomédecine).

: Not applicable. This manuscript does not contain any individual person’s data in any form (including individual details, images, or videos). All data are presented in aggregate form only, derived from fully anonymized retrospective records. Under these circumstances, individual consent for publication is not required according to BMC editorial policies and French data protection regulations.

: The authors declare no competing interests.