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Article History

Received: 23 November 2025

Accepted: 25 March 2026

First Online: 10 April 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and all applicable national regulations. The Swiss Transplant Cohort Study (STCS) received ethical approval from the regional ethics committees of all participating transplant centers (lead committee: Ethikkommission Ostschweiz, BASEC No. EKOS 23/156), which cover nationwide data collection and follow-up of all Swiss transplant recipients. All participants provided written informed consent at enrollment in the STCS, permitting the use of their clinical data for research purposes.

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: Members of the Swiss Transplant Cohort Study: Patrizia Amico 9 , Adrian Bachofner 4 , Vanessa Banz 12 , Sonja Beckmann 13 , Guido Beldi 12 , Christoph Berger 14 , Ekaterine Berishvili 15 , Annalisa Berzigotti 12 , Pierre-Yves Bochud 16 , Petra Borner 17 , Sanda Branca 18 , Anne Cairoli 19 , Emmanuelle Catana 20 , Yves Chalandon 21 , Philippe Compagnon 22 , Sabina De Geest 13 , Sophie De Seigneux 6 , Michael Dickenmann 9 , Joëlle Lynn Dreifuss 23 , Thomas Fehr 7 , Sylvie Ferrari-Lacraz 24 , Andreas Flammer 25 , Jaromil Frossard 18 , Nicolas Goossens 26 , Jörg Halter 8 , Christoph Hess 27 , Sven Hillinger 28 , Hans Hirsch 29 , Patricia Hirt 8 , Linard Hoessly 18 , Uyen Huynh-Do 11 , Nina Khanna 30 , Michael Koller 18 , Angela Koutsokera 31 , Andreas E. Kremer 32 , Thorsten Krueger 33 , Arnaud L’Huillier 34 , Bettina Laesser 35 , Frédéric Lamoth 36 , Roger Lehmann 37 , Alexander Leichtle 38 , Oriol Manuel 36 , Hans-Peter Marti 39 , Michele Martinelli 40 , Valérie McLin 41 , Katell Mellac 18 , Aurélia Merçay 42 , Karin Mettler 43 , Sara Christina Meyer 44 , Zou Ming 18 , Nicolas Müller 45 , Jelena Müller 18 , Ulrike Müller-Arndt 8 , Mirjam Nägeli 46 , Dionysios Neofytos 47 , Jakob Nilsson 48 , Manuel Pascua 15 , Rosmarie Pazeller 43 , David Reineke 49 , Juliane Rick 18 , Fabian Rössler 50 , Silvia Rothlin 51 , Dominik Schneidawind 4 , Macé Schuurmans 52 , Thierry Sengstag 53 , Federico Simonetta 54 , Jürg Steiger 9 , Guido Stirnimann 12 , Christian Van Delden 47 , Jean-Pierre Venetz 5 , Jean Villard 55 , Julien Vionnet 5 , Laura Walti 56 , Caroline Wehmeier 9 , Patrick Yerly 57 12 Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland 13 Department Public Health, Institute of Nursing Science, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland 14 Translational Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Interdisciplinary Center for Immunology, Departments of Dermatology, Internal Medicine, and Rheumatology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland 15 Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Organ Regeneration, Department of Surgery, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland 16 Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland 17 Finanz- und Rechnungswesen, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland 18 Swiss Transplant Cohort Study, Data Center, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland 19 Service of Haematology, Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital and Lausanne University, Lausanne, Switzerland 20 Swiss Transplant Cohort Study, Data Center, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland 21 Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland 22 Department of Surgery, Divisions of Abdominal and Transplant surgery, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland 23 Swiss Transplant Cohort Study, Data Center, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland 24 Transplant Immunology Unit, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland 25 University Heart Center, University Hospital of Zurich, Switzerland; Center for Translational and Experimental Cardiology, Schlieren, Switzerland; University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland 26 Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland 27 Department of Biomedicine, Immunobiology, University of Basel and University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland 28 Department of Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland 29 Transplantation & Clinical Virology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel Switzerland 30 Division of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland 31 Department of Respiratory Medicine, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland 32 Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zürich, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland 33 Department of Thoracic Surgery, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland 34 Unit of Immunology and Vaccinology, Division of General Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland 35 Swiss Transplant Cohort Study, Data Center, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland 36 Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland 37 Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland 38 Insel Data Science Center (IDSC), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland 39 Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway 40 Centre for Advanced Heart Failure, Department of Cardiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland 41 Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospitals Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland 42 Swiss Transplant Cohort Study, Data Center, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland 43 Swiss Transplant Cohort Study, Patient Advisory Board 44 Department of Hematology and Central Hematology Laboratory, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland 45 Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, Zurich University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland 46 Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland 47 Transplant Infectious Diseases Unit, Service of Infectious Diseases, University Hospitals Geneva, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland 48 Department of Immunology, University Hospital Zurich (USZ), Zurich, Switzerland 49 Department of Cardiac Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland 50 Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland 51 Swiss Transplant Cohort Study, Data Center, HOCH Cantonal Hospital St.Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland 52 Division of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, and the Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland 53 SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics and SciCORE Computing Center, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland 54 Hematology Service, Department of Oncology, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland 55 Transplantation Immunology Unit and National Reference Laboratory for Histocompatibility, Department of Diagnostic, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland 56 Department of Infectious Diseases, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland 57 Cardiovascular Department, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Switzerland