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Authors
Ho, Quan Yao https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0884-7076
Liew, Ian Tatt https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3777-706X
Lai, Deborah Chooi Mun https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0063-6136
Lim, Kun Lee https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1221-4350
Tien, Carolyn Shan-Yeu https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6554-2703
Lim, Rou Wei https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6243-0637
Ang, Wei Mian
Kay, Xin Lin Joey https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4782-1266
Lau, Minyi https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0098-0352
Leong, Jenny
Yeo, Yan Ting https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2829-6750
Tan, Chieh Suai https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8850-5585
Chung, Shimin Jasmine https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5174-7361
Lee, Puay Hoon https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2698-4944
Thangaraju, Sobhana https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0758-1560
Oon, Lynette Lin Ean https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0721-1551
Kee, Terence https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5250-855X
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medicine Research Grant ((AM/SU085/2023, SRDUKAMR2385))
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Article History
Received: 5 January 2026
Accepted: 5 May 2026
First Online: 16 May 2026
Declarations
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: This study was conducted in accordance with The Code of Ethics of the World Medical Association (Declaration of Helsinki) and was approved by the SingHealth Central Institutional Review Board (CIRBE 2023/2170). Written informed consent was obtained from all study participants. In accordance with international ethical standards for transplantation research and national legislation, no organs or tissues used in this study were obtained from prisoners. Organs and tissues procured in Singapore were obtained through legally authorised and ethically regulated channels under Singapore’s organ-donation framework, namely the Human Organ Transplant Act and the Medical (Therapy, Education and Research) Act.
: Not applicable.
: The authors used ChatGPT (OpenAI, GPT-5.2; accessed February 2026) to improve grammar and phrasing. The authors reviewed and edited the output as necessary and take full responsibility for the content of the publication.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
