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Article History

Received: 21 April 2024

Accepted: 8 May 2026

First Online: 4 June 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of Chiang Mai University (Ethical approval number: MED-2565-09133). All procedures performed in this study were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and the institution’s Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs). These SOPs are aligned with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki (1964) and its later amendments, the Belmont Report, and the WHO operational guidelines for ethics committees that review biomedical research.

Consent for publication: Not applicable.

Informed consent: Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to data collection. Potential participants were approached by research assistants and hemodialysis nurses, and the study procedures were fully explained before they provided consent.

Competing interests: All authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.