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Authors
Vences Brown, Selene https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2088-5956
Yuan, Yirong https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3299-4922
Hall, Samantha M. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8872-3913
Amador Velázquez, Juan José https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4538-6368
López Pilarte, Damaris
Amador Sánchez, Magaly Rosario Amador
Amador Sánchez, Juan José
González, Josefa Elena Moya
Gaitan, Alfonso Cesar Boza
Gonzalez Gil, Stephanie
Scammell, Madeleine K. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3836-083X
Friedman, David J.
Brooks, Daniel R.
Leibler, Jessica H. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0605-0928
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS T32ES01456)
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (F31ES036454)
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (R01ES031606)
Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (Health Policy Research Scholars Program)
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Article History
Received: 17 March 2026
Accepted: 18 May 2026
First Online: 4 June 2026
Declarations
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: All study protocols were approved by the Institutional Review Board at Boston University Medical Center (H-41282) and the Nicaraguan Ministry of Health. All participants provided written informed consent prior to study engagement. Informed consent to participate was obtained from parents or legal guardians for participants under the age of 16 years. All research protocols adhered to principles in the Declaration of Helsinki.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
