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Article History

Received: 2 February 2026

Accepted: 26 May 2026

First Online: 10 June 2026

Declarations

:

: This study did not require IRB approval since we used publicly available data from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality’s (AHRQ) Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS). All information for MEPS is collected with assurances of confidentiality, and individual identifiers have been removed from the micro data contained in these files. Nevertheless, by using this data, the authors signified their agreement to comply with the MEPS data use agreement. Therefore, consent to participate was not collected by the authors in this study. The ‘Data Use Agreement’ for MEPS can be found on the following website, section A. MEPS HC 243.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.