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Authors
Cheng, Siyuan
Ge, Shukai
Sun, Xia
Zhang, Yang
Wang, Wei
Wei, Jun
Lu, Yun
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Article History
Received: 2 February 2026
Accepted: 3 June 2026
First Online: 9 June 2026
Declarations
Ethical approval and consent to participate: This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University (Approval No. XYFY2025-KLIS4-01). The MIMIC-IV database is a publicly available de-identified database exempt from individual patient consent. For the external validation cohort, the requirement for individual informed consent was waived by the ethics committee due to the retrospective nature of the study and the use of de-identified data.
Consent for publication: Not applicable. This manuscript does not contain any individual person’s data in any form (including individual details, images, or videos).
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
