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Authors
Yang, Huan
Wang, Hong
Yang, Lei
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Article History
Received: 24 November 2025
Accepted: 3 June 2026
First Online: 11 June 2026
Declarations
Ethical approval: All methods were performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. This study used publicly available de-identified data from the CHARLS. The original CHARLS study was approved by the Biomedical Ethics Review Committee of Peking University (IRB00001052–11015), and all participants provided written informed consent.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
