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Authors
Liu, Yan
Gang, Wei
Chen, Wei
Yang, Limei
Dong, Rui
Guo, Zhiyong
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Shanghai Xinxin Medical Technology Development Foundation (KY-HXZ-20240511-001)
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Article History
Received: 30 January 2026
Accepted: 9 June 2026
First Online: 15 June 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: This clinical study was approved by the Shanghai Changhai Hospital Ethics Committee (Ethics Approval No. CHEC2022-207, October 28, 2022). Ethics committee approval was obtained prior to data extraction and analysis; given the study’s retrospective, non-interventional nature, the requirement for written informed consent was waived. All procedures and data handling were compliant with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and institutional data protection policies. Patient information was anonymized prior to extraction, and only routinely recorded clinical data were analyzed.
Consent for publication: Not required.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
