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Article History

Received: 11 January 2026

Accepted: 15 June 2026

First Online: 23 June 2026

Declarations

:

: IRB approval forms were submitted to the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center’s Institutional Review Board Office of Research Protections and Geisinger Institutional Review Board. Protocols were reviewed and qualified for exemption under United States Department of Health and Human Services regulations [(45 CFR 46.104)]. Informed consent to participate was waived by the IRB because the study qualified for exemption under 45 CFR 46.104. The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki and in compliance with applicable institutional and federal regulations.

: Not applicable.

: Manisha Jhamb, MD, MPH reports grants from Networks of Excellence during the conduct of the study and personal fees from Eli Lilly, Boehringer Ingelheim, Networks of Excellence, and Clinical Care Targeted Communications, LLC, as well as grants from Pfizer, Bayer, and Dialysis Clinic Inc., outside the submitted work. Alexander Chang, MD reports research funding from Boehringer Ingelheim, Novartis, and Bayer. Tracey Conti, MD reports consulting fees from Bayer.Evan R. Norfolk, MD reports consulting relationships with Petauri Kinect and Fresenius Medical Care. Ahlam Elbedewe is an employee of Petauri Kinect. The remaining authors (Jamie Green, MD, MS; Maria S. Kobylinski, MD; and Melissa Weimer, MS) declare that they have no competing interests.Funding and support for the development of this manuscript were provided by Boehringer Ingelheim and Eli Lilly. The funders had no role in the study design; data collection, analysis, or interpretation; manuscript preparation; or the decision to submit the manuscript for publication.