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Authors
Xu, Xiaomeng
Huang, Manman
Wen, Xueya
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Article History
Received: 23 March 2026
Accepted: 14 August 2026
First Online: 1 September 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: The CHARLS was approved by the Biomedical Ethics Committee of Peking University, and all participants provided written informed consent. This secondary analysis was conducted using publicly available anonymized CHARLS data without identifiable personal information; therefore, additional ethical approval was not required.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
