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Article History

Received: 5 September 2023

Accepted: 8 May 2025

First Online: 7 July 2025

Declarations

:

: In this study, ethical clearance was not needed, as there was no contact with patients. The study data were derived from primary studies in which ethical clearance and consent were obtained from the institutional review boards and individual patients. Moreover, the investigation price associated with laboratory-based risk factors was not patient or personal data but marketing data; hence, ethical clearance and consent were unnecessary [ ].

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.