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Article History

Received: 7 October 2024

Accepted: 22 May 2025

First Online: 6 June 2025

Declarations

:

: Approval for MIMIC IV databae was granted by the Institutional Review Boards of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Cambridge, MA, USA) and BIDMC. Regarding the issue of informed consent, the requirement for consent was waived due to the retrospective research design and without any effect on clinical decision-making. Since no new data were included in the analysis, no additional ethics approval or informed consent is required.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.