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Authors
Zuo, Xiaoqu
Yue, Xinghai
Tao, Hongwu
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Liaoning Provincial Science and Technology Program (No. 2023-MSLH-121)
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Article History
Received: 9 May 2025
Accepted: 11 July 2025
First Online: 25 August 2025
Declarations
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: This study is a secondary analysis of publicly available and de-identified data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). The NHANES protocols were reviewed and approved by the NCHS Research Ethics Review Board. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants by NCHS at the time of data collection. All procedures were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. As this study only involved secondary use of anonymized data, additional ethics approval and consent to participate were not required.
: All authors have reviewed and approved the manuscript for submission.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
