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Article History

Received: 11 March 2025

Accepted: 14 July 2025

First Online: 9 August 2025

Declarations

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: Not applicable.

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: MK, KJ, SS, DP, SO, MFK, and TK declare that they have no conflict of interest. FP declares the following competing interests: research support (recipient: Charité) from the German Ministry for Education and Research (BMBF), Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), Einstein Foundation, Guthy Jackson Charitable Foundation, EU FP7 Framework Program, Biogen, Genzyme, Merck Serono, Novartis, Bayer, and Roche; personal honoraria for lectures, presentations, and speakers bureaus from Almirall, Bayer, Biogen, GlaxoSmithKline, Hexal, Merck, Sanofi Genzyme, Novartis, Viela Bio, UCB, Mitsubishi Tanabe, Celgene, Guthy Jackson Foundation, Serono, and Roche; support for attending meetings and/or travel by Merck, Guthy Jackson Foundation, Bayer, Biogen, Merck Serono, Sanofi Genzyme, Novartis, Alexion, Viela Bio, Roche, UCB, Mitsubishi Tanabe, and Celgene. FP has participated in advisory boards for Celgene, Roche, UCB, and Merck. He is also an Academic Editor of the journal PLOS ONE and Associate Editor of the journal Neurology® Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation.