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Authors
Mohammed, Mustapha https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5021-1610
Zainal, Hadzliana https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6263-4824
Ong, Siew Chin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9750-9588
Tangiisuran, Balamurugan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4354-3342
Aziz, Fatimatuzzahra Abdul
Sidek, Norsima Nazifah https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1269-7661
Sha’aban, Abubakar https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5491-9851
Ibrahim, Umar Idris https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2887-2877
Muhammad, Surajuddeen https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8567-0748
Muhammad, Khadijat
Looi, Irene https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6217-5410
Aziz, Zariah A. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5383-256X
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Qatar National Library
Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia (FRGS/1/2021/SKK06/USM/02/19)
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Article History
Received: 8 April 2025
Accepted: 8 September 2025
First Online: 26 March 2026
Declarations
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: This study was registered with the National Medical Research Register (NMRR) Malaysia (NMRR-19-3846-52122[IIR]) and approved by the Medical Research and Ethics Committee (MREC), Ministry of Health Malaysia (KKM/NIHSEC/P20-307 [ ]). Authorization to access the NSR and medical records was granted by the National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia. All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Due to the retrospective design of the study the need for consent to participate was waived by the Medical Research and Ethics Committee, Ministry of Health Malaysia (KKM/NIHSEC/P20-307 [ ] ).
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
