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Article History

Received: 5 June 2025

Accepted: 6 October 2025

First Online: 7 November 2025

Declarations

:

: This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.　The study was conducted in accordance with the “Ethical Guidelines for Medical and Biological Research Involving Human Subjects” with approvals of the clinical research review board of JCHO Hoshigaoka Medical Center (approval number: No. 2346) and Ethics Committee of Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University (approval number: 2024-025).Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. Before commencing the study, we distributed the briefing document, with the approval of the clinical research review board, to the study participants and obtained their voluntary written consent to participate in this study. Patients with the target diseases were likely to include those with communication difficulties. Therefore, we received consent from a proxy if it was deemed difficult for the patient to make a decision. Proxies refer to spouses, parents, siblings, children/grandchildren, grandparents, relatives living together, or those considered to be equivalent to close relatives, the research subjects’ representatives (including legal guardians with power of attorney) and individuals with whom they had a spiritual relationship, such as a partnership or trust.In the baseline survey conducted with the control group, participants were explained using a written document that their data might be used secondarily for future studies, and that such use would be subject to renewed approval by the ethics committee. Consent was obtained accordingly.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.