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Article History

Received: 23 May 2025

Accepted: 24 November 2025

First Online: 2 December 2025

Declarations

:

: This study was a retrospective analysis based on previously published cases and clinical data collected at our center. The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of the First Hospital of Tsinghua University. Given the retrospective design and the use of anonymized data, the requirement for informed consent to participate was waived by the Ethics Committee. All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The patient in this center has agreed that his eye photos and head MRI images can be used and published in this thesis, and he has signed the informed consent form.

: Written informed consent for publication of the clinical details and accompanying images was obtained from the index patient treated at our centre. The remaining cases included in this study were extracted from previously published reports that stated patients (or their guardians) had provided written consent for publication under the original journals’ policies, and no additional identifiable information beyond what had been published was used.

: The authors declare no competing interests.