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Authors
Wang, Qiwei
Yang, Wenhao
Wang, Feng
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Discipline Construction of Pudong Health Bureau of Shanghai (PWZxq2022-01)
Shanghai Seventh People's Hospital Center (25SF1907704)
Shanghai Seventh People's Hospital (25SF1904303)
Scientific and Technological Innovation Action Plan Medical Innovation Research Special Project (NO.23Y11906400)
Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai (NO.23ZR1448700)
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Article History
Received: 20 October 2025
Accepted: 22 December 2025
First Online: 15 January 2026
Declarations
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: This study is in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.The China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) received ethics approval from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Peking University (IRB00001052-11015). All participants provided written informed consent before participation. This study utilized publicly available de-identified data from CHARLS and did not require additional ethics approval.
: Not applicable. This study utilized publicly available secondary data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), which does not contain any individual personal data requiring specific consent for publication.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
