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Authors
Azuma, Ken
Kawakami, Michiyuki
Watabe, Naoko
Kamimoto, Takayuki
Oshima, Osamu
Yamada, Yuka
Wada, Ayako
Ishikawa, Aiko
Tsuji, Tetsuya
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (23H00458)
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Article History
Received: 28 April 2025
Accepted: 31 December 2025
First Online: 12 January 2026
Declarations
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: This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Keio University Hospital (Approval No. 20231066). Informed consent was obtained from all participants via an opt-out procedure described on the institutional website. All procedures were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments.
: Not applicable.
: Michiyuki Kawakami has served as a speaker for GlaxoSmithKline and Teijin Healthcare and received honoraria for lectures on botulinum toxin therapy.Yuka Yamada has received payments for lectures from Teijin Pharma Ltd and Ishiyaku Publishers, Inc. All other authors declare no conflicts of interest.
