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Article History

Received: 3 February 2025

Accepted: 18 February 2026

First Online: 23 February 2026

Declarations

:

: This study used de-identified, publicly available data from the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI), which was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the 1964 Helsinki declaration and Health Sciences Institutional Review Boards and other IRB boards approve ADNI studies. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants or their authorized representatives at the time of enrollment. More details can be found at adni.loni.usc.edu . Since our study involved only secondary analysis of de-identified ADNI data, additional ethics approval was not required.

: Not Applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.