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Authors
Yuan, Yizhou
Zhang, Zihan
Shu, Zhenyu
Wei, Yuguo
Song, Qiaowei
Xiang, Yuyan
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province of China (LGF22H090021)
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Article History
Received: 5 December 2025
Accepted: 25 February 2026
First Online: 12 March 2026
Declarations
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: Data used in this study were obtained from the Parkinson’s Progression Markers Initiative (PPMI) database ( ). The PPMI study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the institutional review boards of all participating centers. All participants in PPMI provided written informed consent. The present analysis used only de-identified data from the PPMI database and was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
