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Article History

Received: 5 December 2025

Accepted: 9 April 2026

First Online: 17 April 2026

Declarations

:

: The ethics review committee of the University of Ulm approved this study in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki (numbers: 20/10 on 3rd May 2010; 272/23 on 22nd September 2023; 335/23 on 19th December 2023). Written informed consent was obtained from each patient.

: The written informed consent form included a statement regarding further processing of the data, e.g., publications.

: DKE received travel grants/speaker honoraria from Alexion, Merck, Novartis, and argenx (all not related to the topic of the study). RO, LS are employees of jung diagnostics GmbH. LTB, FB, IV, DT, SJ, TF, KK, IU, DL: Nothing to disclose. MS received consulting and/or speaker honoraria from Alexion, Amgen/Horizon, Bayer, Biogen, Biotest, Bristol-Myers-Squibb/Celgene, Janssen, Merck, Roche, Sanofi Genzyme, and UCB (all not related to the topic of the study). HT has participated in meetings sponsored by or received honoraria for acting as an advisor/speaker for Alexion, Bayer, Biogen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Celgene, Diamed, Fresenius, Fujirebio, GlaxoSmithKline, Hexal, Horizon, Janssen-Cilag, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi-Genzyme, Siemens, Teva, and Viatris. He also acknowledges research support by DMSG (German Multiple Sclerosis Society), MWK-BW (Ministry of Science, Research and Arts of the State Baden-Württemberg), BMG (Federal Ministry of Health), University of Ulm, and Chemische Fabrik Karl Bucher (all not related to the topic of the study).