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Article History

Received: 12 February 2026

Accepted: 23 April 2026

First Online: 30 April 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine. Owing to the retrospective design and use of fully anonymized patient data, informed consent was waived in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki (2024 revision). No additional interventions were performed, and all analyses used de-identified data.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.