Song, Chao
Hu, Zhenkui
Zhang, Jinhui
Article History
Received: 30 December 2025
Accepted: 1 June 2026
First Online: 8 June 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Access to the MIMIC-IV database was approved by the review committee of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center. As all patient data were de-identified, the requirement for informed consent was waived.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.