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Authors
Fang, Hongdi
Yuan, Yuan
Hu, Zhekai
Cai, Jiawei
Chen, Tianxue
Jin, Weifeng
Wang, Shuhua
Yu, Li
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province (LY24H270007)
Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province (LZYQ25H270001)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (82505384)
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Article History
Received: 26 March 2026
Accepted: 9 July 2026
First Online: 15 July 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study used publicly available data from CHARLS, which received ethical approval from the Ethical Review Committee of Peking University in June 2008 (IRB No. IRB00001052-11015). All methods in this study carried out in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to data collection. The data analyzed in this study were anonymized and aggregated at the areal level, with no identifiable information at the individual or household level. As this research involved a secondary analysis of de-identified data, no additional ethical approval was required.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
