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Authors
Gao, Tianwen
Cheng, Yongfei
Wu, Huimin
Wei, Xiuping
Jiang, Haibo
Qiu, Feng
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (BK20210967)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (82101497)
Nanjing Medical University Science and Technology Development Fund (NMUB20240182)
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Article History
Received: 24 June 2026
Accepted: 31 July 2026
First Online: 13 August 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: The China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. CHARLS was approved by the Peking University Biomedical Ethics Committee (approval number: IRB00001052-11015), and all participants provided written informed consent. The present study involved secondary analysis of anonymized, publicly available data from CHARLS. Therefore, no additional ethics approval was required from the authors’ institutional review board.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
