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Article History

Received: 22 June 2026

Accepted: 3 August 2026

First Online: 7 August 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study was conducted at a hospital affiliated with the authors. Ethical approval for the study was obtained from the Institutional Review Board of the FOCOS Orthopaedic Hospital (Protocol No. FOCOS-IRB/2026/003) prior to commencement of the study. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants before enrolment. For participants younger than 16 years of age, written informed consent was obtained from their parent(s) or legal guardian(s) prior to participation. All study procedures were conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and all applicable institutional and national ethical guidelines and regulations. Participants also provided written consent for the use of anonymised clinical data for research and audit purposes prior to EEG recording

Consent for publication: Not applicable.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.