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Article History

Received: 15 March 2018

Accepted: 24 September 2018

First Online: 5 October 2018

Authors’ information

: <i>Blair McNamara, BS</i><b>.</b> Medical student MS4, Yale School of Medicine.<i>Abigail Cutler, MD</i>. Clinical Instructor, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine.<i>Lisbet Lundsberg, PhD</i>. Associate Research Scientist in Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine.<i>Holly Powell Kennedy, PhD, CNM, FACNM, FAAN</i>. Executive Deputy Dean & Helen Varney Professor of Midwifery, Yale School of Nursing.<i>Aileen Gariepy, MD, MPH, FACOG</i>. Assistant Professor of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences and Assistant Clinical Professor of Nursing, Yale School of Medicine.

: Yale Institutional Review Board approval was obtained for this study and all study participants gave written informed consent. The Institutional Review Board waived parental consent for participants under the age of 18, as in the state of Connecticut pregnant women under the age of 18 do not require parental input or consent for any decisions regarding their pregnancy.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

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