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Article History

Received: 24 January 2022

Accepted: 4 July 2022

First Online: 16 July 2022

Declarations

:

: The JECS protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board on Epidemiological Studies of the Ministry of the Environment and by the ethics committees of all the participating institutions, i.e., the National Institute for Environmental Studies, the National Center for Child Health and Develop- ment, Hokkaido University, Sapporo Medical University, Asahikawa Medi- cal University, Japanese Red Cross Hokkaido College of Nursing, Tohoku University, Fukushima Medical University, Chiba University, Yokohama City University, University of Yamanashi, Shinshu University, University of Toyama, Nagoya City University, Kyoto University, Doshisha University, Osaka University, Osaka Medical Center and Research Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Hyogo College of Medicine, Tottori University, Kochi University, University of Occupational and Environmental University, Kyushu University, Kumamoto University, University of Miyazaki, and University of the Ryukyus. The JECS was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and other nationally valid regulations. Written informed consent was obtained from all participat- ing mothers.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.