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Authors
Noble, Christie
Mooney, Ciaran
Makasi, Rachel
Ntozini, Robert
Majo, Florence D.
Church, James A.
Tavengwa, Naume V.
Prendergast, Andrew J.
Humphrey, Jean H.
,
Jones, Andrew D.
Manges, Amee
Mangwadu, Goldberg
Maluccio, John A.
Mbuya, Mduduzi N. N.
Moulton, Lawrence H.
Stoltzfus, Rebecca J.
Tielsch, James M.
Smith, Laura E.
Chasokela, Cynthia
Chigumira, Ancikaria
Heylar, William
Hwena, Preston
Kembo, George
Mutasa, Batsirai
Mutasa, Kuda
Rambanepasi, Philippa
Sauramba, Virginia
Van Der Keilen, Franne
Zambezi, Chipo
Chidhanguro, Dzivaidzo
Chigodora, Dorcas
Chipanga, Joseph F.
Gerema, Grace
Magara, Tawanda
Mandava, Mandava
Mavhudzi, Tafadzwa
Mazhanga, Clever
Muzaradope, Grace
Mwapaura, Marian T.
Phiri, Simon
Tengende, Alice
Banda, Cynthia
Chasekwa, Bernard
Chidamba, Leah
Chidawanyika, Theodore
Chikwindi, Elisha
Chingaona, Lovemore K.
Chiorera, Courage K.
Dandadzi, Adlight
Govha, Margaret
Gumbo, Hlanai
Gwanzura, Karen T.
Kasaru, Sarudzai
Matsika, Alois M.
Maunze, Diana
Mazarura, Exevia
Mpofu, Eddington
Mushonga, Johnson
Mushore, Tafadzwa E.
Muzira, Tracey
Nembaware, Netsai
Nkiwane, Sibongile
Nyamwino, Penias
Rukobo, Sandra D.
Runodamoto, Thompson
Seremwe, Shepherd
Simango, Pururudzai
Tome, Joice
Tsenesa, Blessing
Amadu, Umali
Bangira, Beauty
Chiveza, Daniel
Hove, Priscilla
Jombe, Horaiti A.
Kujenga, Didymus
Madhuyu, Lenin
Mandina-Makoni, Prince
Maramba, Naume
Maregere, Betty
Marumani, Ellen
Masakadze, Elisha
Mazula, Phathisiwe
Munyanyi, Caroline
Musanhu, Grace
Mushanawani, Raymond C.
Mutsando, Sibongile
Nazare, Felicia
Nyarambi, Moses
Nzuda, Wellington
Sigauke, Trylife
Solomon, Monica
Tavengwa, Tendai
Biri, Farisai
Chafanza, Misheck
Chaitezvi, Cloud
Chauke, Tsundukani
Chidzomba, Collen
Dadirai, Tawanda
Fundira, Clemence
Gambiza, Athanasios C.
Godzongere, Tatenda
Kuona, Maria
Mafuratidze, Tariro
Mapurisa, Idah
Mashedze, Tsitsi
Moyo, Nokuthula
Musariri, Charles
Mushambadope, Matambudzo
Mutsonziwa, Tawanda R.
Muzondo, Augustine
Mwareka, Rudo
Nyamupfukudza, Juleika
Saidi, Baven
Sakuhwehwe, Tambudzai
Sikalima, Gerald
Tembe, Jenneth
Chekera, Tapiwanashe E.
Chihombe, Owen
Chikombingo, Muchaneta
Chirinda, Tichaona
Chivizhe, Admire
Hove, Ratidzai
Kufa, Rudo
Machikopa, Tatenda F.
Mandaza, Wilbert
Mandongwe, Liberty
Manhiyo, Farirai
Manyaga, Emmanuel
Mapuranga, Peter
Matimba, Farai S.
Matonhodze, Patience
Mhuri, Sarah
Mike, Joice
Ncube, Bekezela
Nderecha, Walter T. S.
Noah, Munyaradzi
Nyamadzawo, Charles
Penda, Jonathan
Saidi, Asinje
Shonhayi, Sarudzai
Simon, Clemence
Tichagwa, Monica
Chamakono, Rachael
Chauke, Annie
Gatsi, Andrew F.
Hwena, Blessing
Jawi, Hillary
Kaisa, Benjamin
Kamutanho, Sithembile
Kaswa, Tapiwa
Kayeruza, Paradhi
Lunga, Juliet
Magogo, Nomatter
Manyeruke, Daniel
Mazani, Patricia
Mhuriyengwe, Fungai
Mlambo, Farisai
Moyo, Stephen
Mpofu, Tawanda
Mugava, Mishelle
Mukungwa, Yvonne
Muroyiwa, Fungai
Mushonga, Eddington
Nyekete, Selestino
Rinashe, Tendai
Sibanda, Kundai
Chemhuru, Milton
Chikunya, Jeffrey
Chikwavaire, Vimbai F.
Chikwiriro, Charity
Chimusoro, Anderson
Chinyama, Jotam
Gwinji, Gerald
Hoko-Sibanda, Nokuthula
Kandawasvika, Rutendo
Madzimure, Tendai
Maponga, Brian
Mapuranga, Antonella
Marembo, Joana
Matsunge, Luckmore
Maunga, Simbarashe
Muchekeza, Mary
Muti, Monica
Nyamana, Marvin
Azhuda, Efa
Bhoroma, Urayai
Biriyadi, Ailleen
Chafota, Elizabeth
Chakwizira, Angelline
Chamhamiwa, Agness
Champion, Tavengwa
Chazuza, Stella
Chikwira, Beauty
Chingozho, Chengeto
Chitabwa, Abigail
Dhurumba, Annamary
Furidzirai, Albert
Gandanga, Andrew
Gukuta, Chipo
Macheche, Beauty
Marihwi, Bongani
Masike, Barbara
Mutangandura, Eunice
Mutodza, Beatrice
Mutsindikwa, Angeline
Mwale, Alice
Ndhlovu, Rebecca
Nduna, Norah
Nyamandi, Cathrine
Ruvata, Elias
Sithole, Babra
Urayai, Rofina
Vengesa, Bigboy
Zorounye, Micheal
Bamule, Memory
Bande, Michael
Chahuruva, Kumbirai
Chidumba, Lilian
Chigove, Zvisinei
Chiguri, Kefas
Chikuni, Susan
Chikwanda, Ruvarashe
Chimbi, Tarisai
Chingozho, Micheal
Chinhamo, Olinia
Chinokuramba, Regina
Chinyoka, Chiratidzo
Chipenzi, Xaviour
Chipute, Raviro
Chiribhani, Godfrey
Chitsinga, Mary
Chiwanga, Charles
Chiza, Anamaria
Chombe, Faith
Denhere, Memory
Dhamba, Ephania
Dhamba, Miriam
Dube, Joyas
Dzimbanhete, Florence
Dzingai, Godfrey
Fusira, Sikhutele
Gonese, Major
Gota, Johnson
Gumure, Kresencia
Gwaidza, Phinias
Gwangwava, Margret
Gwara, Winnet
Gwauya, Melania
Gwiba, Maidei
Hamauswa, Joyce
Hlasera, Sarah
Hlukani, Eustina
Hotera, Joseph
Jakwa, Lovemore
Jangara, Gilbert
Janyure, Micheal
Jari, Christopher
Juru, Duvai
Kapuma, Tabeth
Konzai, Paschalina
Mabhodha, Moly
Maburutse, Susan
Macheka, Chipo
Machigaya, Tawanda
Machingauta, Florence
Machokoto, Eucaria
Madhumba, Evelyn
Madziise, Learnard
Madziva, Clipps
Madzivire, Mavis
Mafukise, Mistake
Maganga, Marceline
Maganga, Senzeni
Mageja, Emmanuel
Mahanya, Miriam
Mahaso, Evelyn
Mahleka, Sanelisiwe
Makanhiwa, Pauline
Makarudze, Mavis
Makeche, Constant
Makopa, Nickson
Makumbe, Ranganai
Mandire, Mascline
Mandiyanike, Eunice
Mangena, Eunice
Mangiro, Farai
Mangwadu, Alice
Mangwengwe, Tambudzai
Manhidza, Juliet
Manhovo, Farai
Manono, Irene
Mapako, Shylet
Mapfumo, Evangelista
Mapfumo, Timothy
Mapuka, Jane
Masama, Douglas
Masenge, Getrude
Mashasha, Margreth
Mashivire, Veronica
Matunhu, Moses
Mavhoro, Pazvichaenda
Mawuka, Godfrey
Mazango, Ireen
Mazhata, Netsai
Mazuva, David
Mazuva, Mary
Mbinda, Filomina
Mborera, John
Mfiri, Upenyu
Mhandu, Florence
Mhike, Chrispen
Mhike, Tambudzai
Mhuka, Artwell
Midzi, Judith
Moyo, Siqondeni
Mpundu, Michael
Msindo, Nicholas Msekiwa
Msindo, Dominic
Mtisi, Choice
Muchemwa, Gladys
Mujere, Nyadziso
Mukaro, Ellison
Muketiwa, Kilvera
Mungoi, Silvia
Munzava, Esline
Muoki, Rosewita
Mupura, Harugumi
Murerwa, Evelyn
Murisi, Clarieta
Muroyiwa, Letwin
Muruvi, Musara
Musemwa, Nelson
Mushure, Christina
Mutero, Judith
Mutero, Philipa
Mutumbu, Patrick
Mutya, Cleopatra
Muzanango, Lucia
Muzembi, Martin
Muzungunye, Dorcus
Mwazha, Valeliah
Ncube, Thembeni
Ndava, Takunda
Ndlovu, Nomvuyo
Nehowa, Pauline
Ngara, Dorothy
Nguruve, Leonard
Nhigo, Petronella
Nkiwane, Samukeliso
Nyanyai, Luckson
Nzombe, Judith
Office, Evelyn
Paul, Beatrice
Pavari, Shambadzirai
Ranganai, Sylvia
Ratisai, Stella
Rugara, Martha
Rusere, Peter
Sakala, Joyce
Sango, Prosper
Shava, Sibancengani
Shekede, Margaret
Shizha, Cornellious
Sibanda, Tedla
Tapambwa, Neria
Tembo, John
Tinago, Netsai
Tinago, Violet
Toindepi, Theresa
Tovigepi, John
Tuhwe, Modesta
Tumbo, Kundai
Zaranyika, Tinashe
Zaru, Tongai
Zimidzi, Kamurayi
Zindo, Matilda
Zindonda, Maria
Zinhumwe, Nyaradzai
Zishiri, Loveness
Ziyambi, Emerly
Zvinowanda, James
Bepete, Ekenia
Chiwira, Christine
Chuma, Naume
Fari, Abiegirl
Gavi, Samson
Gunha, Violet
Hakunandava, Fadzai
Huku, Constance
Hungwe, Given
Maduke, Grace
Manyewe, Elliot
Mapfumo, Tecla
Marufu, Innocent
Mashiri, Chenesai
Mazenge, Shellie
Mbinda, Euphrasia
Mhuri, Abigail
Muguti, Charity
Munemo, Lucy
Musindo, Loveness
Ngada, Laina
Nyembe, Dambudzo
Taruvinga, Rachel
Tobaiwa, Emma
Banda, Selina
Chaipa, Jesca
Chakaza, Patricia
Chandigere, Macdonald
Changunduma, Annie
Chibi, Chenesai
Chidyagwai, Otilia
Chidza, Elika
Chigatse, Nora
Chikoto, Lennard
Chingware, Vongai
Chinhamo, Jaison
Chinhoro, Marko
Chiripamberi, Answer
Chitavati, Esther
Chitiga, Rita
Chivanga, Nancy
Chivese, Tracy
Chizema, Flora
Dera, Sinikiwe
Dhliwayo, Annacolleta
Dhononga, Pauline
Dimingo, Ennia
Dziyani, Memory
Fambi, Tecla
Gambagamba, Lylian
Gandiyari, Sikangela
Gomo, Charity
Gore, Sarah
Gundani, Jullin
Gundani, Rosemary
Gwarima, Lazarus
Gwaringa, Cathrine
Gwenya, Samuel
Hamilton, Rebecca
Hlabano, Agnes
Hofisi, Ennie
Hofisi, Florence
Hungwe, Stanley
Hwacha, Sharai
Hwara, Aquiiline
Jogwe, Ruth
Kanikani, Atanus
Kuchicha, Lydia
Kutsira, Mitshel
Kuziyamisa, Kumbulani
Kuziyamisa, Mercy
Kwangware, Benjamin
Lozani, Portia
Mabuto, Joseph
Mabuto, Vimbai
Mabvurwa, Loveness
Machacha, Rebecca
Machaya, Cresenzia
Madembo, Roswitha
Madya, Susan
Madzingira, Sheneterai
Mafa, Lloyd
Mafuta, Fungai
Mafuta, Jane
Mahara, Alfred
Mahonye, Sarudzai
Maisva, Admire
Makara, Admire
Makover, Margreth
Mambongo, Ennie
Mambure, Murenga
Mandizvidza, Edith
Mangena, Gladys
Manjengwa, Elliot
Manomano, Julius
Mapfumo, Maria
Mapfurire, Alice
Maphosa, Letwin
Mapundo, Jester
Mare, Dorcas
Marecha, Farai
Marecha, Selina
Mashiri, Christine
Masiya, Medina
Masuku, Thembinkosi
Masvimbo, Priviledge
Matambo, Saliwe
Matarise, Getrude
Matinanga, Loveness
Matizanadzo, John
Maunganidze, Margret
Mawere, Belinda
Mawire, Chipiwa
Mazvanya, Yulliana
Mbasera, Maudy
Mbono, Magret
Mhakayakora, Cynthia
Mhlanga, Nompumelelo
Mhosva, Bester
Moyo, Nomuhle
Moyo, Over
Moyo, Robert
Mpakami, Charity
Mpedzisi, Rudo
Mpofu, Elizabeth
Mpofu, Estery
Mtetwa, Mavis
Muchakachi, Juliet
Mudadada, Tsitsi
Mudzingwa, Kudakwashe
Mugwira, Mejury
Mukarati, Tarsisio
Munana, Anna
Munazo, Juliet
Munyeki, Otilia
Mupfeka, Patience
Murangandi, Gashirai
Muranganwa, Maria
Murenjekwa, Josphine
Muringo, Nothando
Mushaninga, Tichafara
Mutaja, Florence
Mutanha, Dorah
Mutemeri, Peregia
Mutero, Beauty
Muteya, Edina
Muvembi, Sophia
Muzenda, Tandiwe
Mwenjota, Agnes
Ncube, Sithembisiwe
Ndabambi, Tendai
Ndava, Nomsa
Ndlovu, Elija
Nene, Eveln
Ngazimbi, Enniah
Ngwalati, Atalia
Nyama, Tafirenyika
Nzembe, Agnes
Pabwaungana, Eunica
Phiri, Sekai
Pukuta, Ruwiza
Rambanapasi, Melody
Rera, Tambudzai
Samanga, Violet
Shirichena, Sinanzeni
Shoko, Chipiwa
Shonhe, More
Shuro, Cathrine
Sibanda, Juliah
Sibangani, Edna
Sibangani, Nikisi
Sibindi, Norman
Sitotombe, Mercy
Siwawa, Pearson
Tagwirei, Magret
Taruvinga, Pretty
Tavagwisa, Antony
Tete, Esther
Tete, Yeukai
Thandiwe, Elliot
Tibugari, Amonilla
Timothy, Stella
Tongogara, Rumbidzai
Tshuma, Lancy
Tsikira, Mirirayi
Tumba, Constance
Watinaye, Rumbidzayi
Zhiradzango, Ethel
Zimunya, Esther
Zinengwa, Leanmary
Ziupfu, Magret
Ziyambe, Job
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (OPP1021542, OPP1021542)
Department for International Development, UK Government
Wellcome Trust (093768/Z/10/Z and 108065/Z/15/Z, 093768/Z/10/Z and 108065/Z/15/Z)
Direktion für Entwicklung und Zusammenarbeit (8106727, 8106727)
UNICEF (PCA-2017-0002, PCA-2017-0002)
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Article History
Received: 23 February 2022
Accepted: 5 December 2022
First Online: 30 December 2022
Declarations
:
: The study was approved by the Medical Research Council of Zimbabwe and Johns Hopkins School of Public Health. All methods were performed in accordance with guidelines set out by Medical Research Council of Zimbabwe and Johns Hopkins.
: Consent was obtained from study participants for anonymised data to be published.
: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
