Document is current

Article History

Received: 8 July 2023

Accepted: 28 February 2025

First Online: 10 April 2025

Declarations

:

: This study was conducted by utilizing available data from the Zambia DHS upon request from DHS measure evaluation, which can be easily accessed at (). The dataset used in this research contained no personally identifiable information, ensuring complete anonymity of the participants. It is worth noting that the original Zambia DHS Biomarker and survey protocols underwent a rigorous approval process, receiving authorization from both the Tropical Disease and Research Center as well as the Research Ethics Review Board of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.