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Authors
Malin, Kathryn J.
Vance, Ashelee J.
Moser, Stephanie E.
Zemlak, Jessica
Edwards, Cherise
White-Traut, Rosemary
Koerner, Rebecca
McGrath, Jacqueline
McGlothen-Bell, Kelly
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Marquette University
National Institute of Nursing Research (1K23NR021043-01A1)
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Article History
Received: 30 March 2025
Accepted: 6 May 2025
First Online: 16 May 2025
Declarations
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: This study received an exemption from the Marquette University Institutional Review Board. Approval for use of the PRAMS Automated Research File Portal and data from the CDC was received in March 2024. The general PRAMS methodology and protocol have been reviewed and approved by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s institutional review board and informed consent documents are included within each survey packet explaining the participant’s rights. No written consent is required, and consent is implied if the survey is completed [].
: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System team has been notified of intention to publish these results, our team has not received a response.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
