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Article History

Received: 10 January 2024

Accepted: 30 May 2025

First Online: 18 August 2025

Declarations

:

: The Ethics Committee for Clinical Research of Tianjin Women and Children’s Health Center approved the study and analysis plan (approval number: kylw20201231). The expectant mothers were presented with informed consent before they agreed that their related electronic dataset entered health care records, where the de-identified data from in this study.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.