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Article History

Received: 21 March 2025

Accepted: 21 July 2025

First Online: 12 August 2025

Declarations

:

: The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by the Medical ethics committee of Nantong Maternal and Child Health Hospital affiliated to Nantong University (Y2024031). Given the retrospective nature of this study, the data collected did not encompass any personally identifiable information of the pregnant women involved, nor did it pose any risks to their economic interests or physical health. Consequently, the Ethics Committee granted a waiver for the requirement of informed consent.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.