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Article History

Received: 2 June 2025

Accepted: 21 July 2025

First Online: 7 August 2025

Declarations

:

: Ethical approval from the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Medicine at Atatürk University (numbered B.30.2.ATA.0.01.00/302 and dated 29.11.2018), written permission from the hospital where the study would be carried out (dated 14.12.2018) and permission for conducting research from the Provincial Directorate of Health (numbered 44827528-604.02 and dated 23.01.2019) were obtained before starting the study. All participants were informed about the study’s purpose and process before it began. Verbal consent was received from the pregnant women who agreed to participate in the study. The study was conducted in compliance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki, and the individual rights of the participants were protected.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: 1This study was produced from the doctoral thesis of Gülüzar Sade (corresponding author).2This study was presented as an oral presentation at the 5th International Koru Pregnancy, Birth and Postpartum Congress (17–20 February 2022, Bolu-Türkiye)

: This study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT05237765. (2022-02-14) Retrospectively registered.().