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Article History

Received: 5 June 2024

Accepted: 25 July 2025

First Online: 21 August 2025

Declarations

:

: The research was approved by the Local Research Ethics Committee of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (Code of Ethics: 1399.048) and was performed according to the Helsinki Declaration [ , ]. The study’s objective was explained to the participants, who were given the option to participate voluntarily and withdraw from the study any time they wanted. Verbal informed consent was described to all the participants and obtained due to the need for telephone interviews during the COVID-19 pandemic. The interview was stopped if any of the questions caused distress for the participants. However, with their permission, it was resumed after some time. The participants’ privacy and the confidentiality of data were respected. The participants received necessary information about the supportive virtual services for abused women after the interviews were completed.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.