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Authors
Jude, Marcia Smiti
Konwar, Chaini
McQuaid, Robyn J.
Ghani, Farooq
Islam, Nazneen
Lalani, Sharifa
Merrill, Sarah M.
Fatima, Fizza
MacIsaac, Julia L.
Forcheh, Ntonghanwah
Ryan, Calen P.
Lee, Nanette R.
Kuzawa, Christopher W.
Kobor, Michael S.
Premji, Shahirose Sadrudin
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Babar, Neelofur
Dosani, Aliyah
Jehan, Imtiaz
Letourneau, Nicole
Merali, Mohamoud
Mian, Ayesha
Musana, Joseph Wangira
Naugler, Christopher T.
Nausheen, Sidrah
Okoko, Christine
Omuse, Geoffrey
Sachwani, Saima
Samia, Pauline
Shaikh, Kiran
Shazad, Rozina
Sulaiman, Salima
Wanyonyi, Sikolia
Yim, Ilona S.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
NSF BCS (1751912)
NIH (R01AG061006)
UBC (60055724)
Canadian Institutes of Health Research (FRN 15301)
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Article History
Received: 29 January 2025
Accepted: 6 August 2025
First Online: 10 October 2025
Declarations
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: Ethics approval for the CIHR funded Pakistani Pregnancy-Birth Cohort was received from: National Bioethics Committee of Pakistan [No.4–87/NBC-286-Y2], Aga Khan University Ethics Review Committee, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan [5003-SON-ERC-17], Queen’s University Health Sciences & Affiliated Teaching Hospitals Research Ethics Board [NURS-566–23], University of Calgary Conjoint Health Research Ethics Board [REB17-1148_REN5], York University Office of Research Ethics [2018–184], and Mount Royal University Human Research Ethics Board [File ID#10116]. Written informed consent was obtained from the Pakistani Pregnancy-Birth Cohort participants, and the study is in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Informed consent was obtained from all CLHNS participants, and data collection was conducted with approval and in accordance with the Institutional Review Boards of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, the Office of Population Studies Foundation, and Northwestern University. Clinical trial number: not applicable.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
