Nkurunziza, Aimable
Smye, Victoria L.
Wathen, C. Nadine
Tryphonopoulos, Panagiota
Cechetto, David F.
Jackson, Kimberley T.
Gishoma, Darius
Article History
Received: 2 November 2023
Accepted: 12 September 2025
First Online: 24 October 2025
Declarations
:
: We obtained ethics approvals from the University of Western Ontario (HSREB, project ID: 119846) and the University of Rwanda (Approval Notice: No 330/CMHSIRB/2021). Adolescent mothers aged between 15 and 18 years signed an assent, and their legal guardians signed an informed consent. Adolescent mothers over 18-year-old signed informed consent forms.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.