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Authors
Hangulu, Lydia
Mudenda, Mweetwa
Hamapa, Arnold
Imasiku, Karen
Lungu, Agripa
Kabamba, Desire Jean
Mubambe, Mulaya
Haluzani, Shown
Kaluba, Abraham
Njelesani, Evarist Kizito
Mwaba, Peter
Mkandawire, Catherine
Mwiche, Angel
Chizuni, Caren
Nsonga, Beron
Kasonka, Lackson
Lissauer, David
Norrie, John
,
Norman, Jane
Reynolds, Rebecca
Crampinn, Mia
Gadama, Luis
Freyne, Bridget
Khomani, Patricia Munthali
Whyte, Sonia
Adamson, Lorraine
Grant, Elizabeth
Campbell, Harry
Stock, Sarah
Chodzaza, Elizabeth
Boardman, James
Pinnock, Hilary
Holloway, Aisha
Love, Corrine
Dube, Queen
Kawaza, Khondwhani
Viner, Alexander
Medley, Nancy
Kumar, Baboo Sridutt
Syacumpi, Muriel Muwaika
Nyirenda, Muyereka
Mutale, Mushelelwa
Osbert, Nkolola
Mute, Felix
Nchimunya, Eugine
Munyenyembe, Felix
Sichivula, Helen
Nzobolo, Chintu
Himoonga, Namwiinga
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Article History
Received: 23 December 2023
Accepted: 19 September 2025
First Online: 12 January 2026
Declarations
:
: Ethical clearance to conduct the study was obtained from the Lusaka Apex Medical University Biomedical and Research Ethics Committee (LAMUBREC) FWA 0000338; LAMUREC number: IRB 00001131) as well as the National Health Research Authority (NHRA) in Zambia. Thereafter, permission was sought from the Ministry of Health, District, and Senior medical superintendents who were the gatekeepers of the facilities. All participants gave their verbal and written informed consent to participate in the study.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
