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Article History

Received: 9 August 2023

Accepted: 26 September 2025

First Online: 3 November 2025

Declarations

: Ethical approval and consent to participate. The ethical approval was obtained from Salale University, College of Health Sciences ethical review committee with ethical approval reference number of SLU/878/2022. Letter of permission was obtained from the Bishoftu town health office and respective Hospitals and Health Centers before conducting the study based on the Declaration of Helsinki. The ANC clinic staff was informed about the purpose of the study and written informed consent was obtained from every pregnant woman who attended the ANC visit and for the age of the mother less than 18 years the informed written consent to participate in the study were obtained from their parents/legal guardians. The entire study participants were informed that data was kept private, confidential, and used only for research purposes. Participation was voluntary and they were told that they can withdraw from the study at any time of data collection.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declared that they have no conflicts of interest.