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Authors
Abebe, Yonas Mengistu
Deribe, Luel
Fantahun, Addishiwot
Beyene, Belda Negesa
Megule, Solomon Medina
Shiferaw, Wondimagegn Genaneh
Adugna, Kebede Feyisa
Tessema, Lewegneh Wegayehu
Getu, Alemwork Abie
Kassahun, Eden Asmare
Alemayehu, Bezawit Abeje
Nega, Amanuel Tebabal
Azene, Zigijit
Bante, Simachew Animen
Awoke, Amlaku Mulat
Chekole, Fentahun Alemnew
Balcha, Wondu Feyisa
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Article History
Received: 1 January 2025
Accepted: 1 October 2025
First Online: 28 October 2025
Declarations
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: Ethical clearance was obtained from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Addis Ababa University, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Department of Midwifery (protocol number SNM/MID/043/16966/2024; reviewed under AAUMF 01–008) on 16/04/2024. Formal letters of permission were also obtained from the Addis Ababa City Health Bureau and the medical directors of each hospital. Before data collection, the study was explained to participants, and verbal informed consent was obtained. The study adhered to local regulations, institutional requirements, and the Declaration of Helsinki [ ]. Confidentiality was ensured using anonymous codes, and participants were assured that their responses would have no negative consequences.
: Not applicable .
: The authors declare no competing interests.
