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Authors
Wu, Xiaojuan
Zhao, Qingxiang
Gao, Yong
Zhang, Yiyu
Xu, Linrui
Cong, Xianzhu
Sun, Na
Shi, Fuyan
Wang, Suzhen
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Article History
Received: 31 March 2025
Accepted: 2 October 2025
First Online: 3 November 2025
Declarations
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: This study was carried out in strict compliance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki and in adherence to relevant local regulations. The Medical Ethics Committee of Shandong Second Medical University approved the study protocol (Approval No: SDSMU2024YX298) and granted a waiver of informed consent due to the retrospective design and minimal risk to participants, as no personally identifiable information was involved. This waiver is in accordance with Article 39 of China’s Ethical Review Measures for Biomedical Research Involving Humans (2016), which stipulates that retrospective studies utilizing non-identifiable data are exempt from ethical review.
: The manuscript has been approved by all authors, who have provided full consent for publication.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
