Zhang, Jinwei
Liu, Shuang
Rong, Yue
Liu, Shangqing
Zhong, Chunyan
Tu, Peng
Zhang, Xiaohang
Ran, Suzhen
Funding for this research was provided by:
Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing Municipality (CSTB2023NSCQ-BHX0100)
the open projects of the Chongqing Research Center for Prevention & Control of Maternal and Child Diseases and Public Health (CQFYSJ01002)
Article History
Received: 18 August 2025
Accepted: 16 October 2025
First Online: 14 November 2025
Declarations
:
: The Ethics Committee of the Women and Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University approved this retrospective study (approval number: IRB-2024056), and the requirement for informed consent was waived.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.