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Authors
Dang, Ngoc-Anh Thi https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9035-4861
Nguyen, Ai https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4389-5225
Dung Vu, Thi Kim https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6577-3464
Nguyen, Thi Minh Phuong https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3715-5562
Nguyen, Van Tien https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9022-1170
Gammeltoft, Tine M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6723-2370
Bygbjerg, Ib C. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9100-2754
Vestergaard, Amalie Rørholm https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3037-7056
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Danish International Development Agency (21-M03-KU)
Danish International Development Agency (21-M03-KU)
Danish International Development Agency (21-M03-KU)
Danish International Development Agency (21-M03-KU)
Danish International Development Agency (21-M03-KU)
Danish International Development Agency (21-M03-KU)
Danish International Development Agency (21-M03-KU)
Danish International Development Agency (21-M03-KU)
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Article History
Received: 26 May 2025
Accepted: 17 October 2025
First Online: 25 November 2025
Declarations
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: This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. The Ethics Council for Biomedical Research of Thai Binh University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vietnam, granted the project’s ethical approval on 1 December 2022 (IRB – VN01.009), registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05744856). All new mothers were informed of the purposes of the study and volunteered to sign the written informed consent before participating in the project. The women could withdraw at any time without affecting their access to health care. Furthermore, all participant information was kept confidential throughout the study process, and pseudonyms were used for all participants’ names in the article.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
