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Authors
Lv, Yun
Li, Qianqian
Wu, Jixia
Zhang, Xinwei
Gu, Ruting
Pan, Yueshuai
Li, Yuting
Wei, Lili
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Qingdao Outstanding Health Professional Development Fund
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Article History
Received: 30 July 2025
Accepted: 21 October 2025
First Online: 19 November 2025
Declarations
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: Institutional ethical approval for the study was obtained in February 2024 from the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to data collection.
: All participants provided written consent for publication of anonymized responses.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
